












                                       
                                        



                                        
                                        
                                     XTREE
                                        
                  The World's Leading Disk Management Software
                                                                               
                                        










                                        
                                        
                                 XTree Company
                     a division of Executive Systems, Inc.
                                4330 Santa Fe Rd
                           San Luis Obispo, CA  93401



     COPYRIGHT NOTICE

     This software package and document are copyrighted (c) 1985-1990 by
     Executive Systems Incorporated.  All rights are reserved worldwide.
     No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted,
     transcribed, stored in any retrieval system, or translated into any
     language by any means without the express written permission of Xtree
     Company, a division of Executive Systems, Inc., 4330 Santa Fe Rd., San
     Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA.

     LICENSE

     You must read the license agreement supplied on the distribution disk
     prior to using this evaluation version of XTree.

     DISCLAIMER

     XTree Company makes no warranties as to the contents of this
     documentation and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of
     merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.  XTree Company
     further reserves the right to alter the specifications of the program
     and/or the contents of the manual without obligation to notify any
     person or organization of these changes.

     
                           Third edition, April 1990
                    Printed in the United States of America

















                                       - i -





                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
     


     1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................1

         1.1 XTree's Features...................................2

     2.0 STARTING UP............................................4

         2.1 System Requirements................................4
         2.2 Contacting XTree Company...........................4
         2.3 A Cautionary Note..................................5

     3.0 THE XTREE DISPLAYS.....................................6


     4.0 XTREE COMMANDS........................................11

         4.1 Directory Window Commands.........................11
         4.2 File Window Commands..............................17
         4.3 Function Keys.....................................24

     5.0 TECHNIQUES............................................25

         5.1 Backing Up........................................25
         5.2 Statistics........................................25
         5.3 Helpful Hints.....................................26

     6.0 ERROR MESSAGES........................................27


     A.0 APPENDIX..............................................31

         A.1 Mini Glossary.....................................31
         A.2 Common Filename Extensions........................32
     




















                                       - ii -


     Introduction
    _________________________________________________________________________



     1.0  INTRODUCTION

     Every person who uses computers creates numerous files for storing
     information and data.  Often, files concerning similar topics can be
     found throughout several disks or in a haphazard arrangement on a
     single disk.  To access any given file, the user must struggle through
     multiple directory listings, issue many complex commands, and usually
     view and review to remember what's in what and where.  This process is
     confusing and time consuming.

     MS-DOS provides a useful organizational structure called a directory .
     Directories allow the computer user to store files in separate groups
     on a disk.  The files in a directory are kept distinct from files in
     other directories.  MS-DOS also allows the user to organize and
     separate directories.  Each directory on a disk, in addition to
     containing a group of files, can have sub directories own group of
     files and subdirectories, and so on.  This directory branching
     organization is called a tree structure.  When there is more than one
     directory on a disk, to find the way to a particular subdirectory on a
     disk, the user specifies a path

     As an example, let us imagine a file drawer.  Within this drawer there
     are three major sections labelled 1983, 1984, and 1985.  In each of
     these sections are smaller sections called Taxes, Benefits, Earnings,
     Prizes, etc.  In each of the small sections are folders containing
     summaries of calculations, one folder for each of several companies.
     In this example the 1983, 1984, and 1985 sections are directories. The
     subsections called Taxes, Benefits, Earnings, and Prizes are
     subdirectories to these directories.  The folders are files, one file
     per company.  To find the Tax summary for Company X in the current
     year, the directory path 1984/TAXES and the file COMPANYX would be
     specified.

     A drawback of the MS-DOS implementation of the concepts described
     above is that as the number of directories and/or files grows, it
     becomes increasingly difficult to keep track of them, find the data
     that you require, and to throw away any unneeded data.

     The purpose of XTREE is to facilitate the file and directory
     maintenance process by providing you commands to access, delete,
     rename, view, move, list, or show any and all files within any and all
     directories on your floppy and hard disks.  XTREE is remarkable for
     its ease of use, clarity of organization, and multitude of services.
     XTREE presents a visualization of the directories, subdirectories, and
     files on your disks in clear, graphic screen displays.  Statistical
     data is also displayed at all times; this data is updated as you
     perform your tasks.








                                       - 1 -


     Introduction
    _________________________________________________________________________


     1.1  XTREE's Features

     XTREE performs the work of several MS/DOS commands and makes these
     command functions available in its onscreen menus.  These commands
     are:

          DIR - You can see all the directories, subdirectories,
             their files, and file statistics in a single display.

          DEL - You can delete files one at a time or in groups.

          COPY - You can copy files, one at a time or in groups, to any
             directory on any of your available disks.

          TYPE - You can view the contents of any text file.

          REN - You can change the name of any of your files.  You can
             rename a group of files or a single file.

          MKDIR - You can create new subdirectories within your current
             directory.

          RMDIR - You can remove empty directories.

          CHDIR - You can change your current directory simply by moving a
             cursor.

          VOL - You are always informed of the Volume Name of your current
             disk.

     XTREE further offers some special operations that MS-DOS commands may
     not provide:

          o  You can see the complete directory structure of any of your
             disks in one clear graphic display.  You can also print the
             directory structure.

          o  You can see every file on a disk in a single display, no
             matter which directory it is in.  The files can be shown with
             or without sizes, dates, and attributes and can be displayed
             in different sort orders.

          o  You can change the name of any directory on your current disk.

          o  You can modify disk volume names (labels) at any time, without
             having to reformat the disk.

          o  You can move a file or group of files from one directory to
             another on the current disk.  Moving files is faster than
             copying them.






                                       - 2 -


     Introduction
    _________________________________________________________________________


          o  You can copy a group of files to a different disk, with each
             file going to a directory of the same name as its own
             directory.  If the directory doesn't exist on the destination
             disk, XTREE creates it for you.

          o  You can display and/or modify the MS-DOS attributes of any
             file.

















































                                       - 3 -


     Starting Up
    _________________________________________________________________________


     2.0  STARTING UP

     Before running XTREE, you should use the MS-DOS commands TYPE or PRINT
     to examine the contents of the file READ.ME which is on your
     distribution disk.  This text file contains notes regarding your
     particular version of XTREE and may be helpful in running the program
     for the first time.

     Starting up XTREE is a simple operation.  At the standard MS-DOS
     prompt type the word XTREE followed by the RETURN or ENTER key.  If
     you wish to have XTREE work with the directories and files of a disk
     other than the currently logged MS-DOS disk, type a space, the letter
     for the desired drive, and a colon before pressing the ENTER key.
     XTREE will present its opening screen, read the directory and file
     names from the requested disk, and display a highlight bar over the
     disk's first directory name when it is ready to accept your commands.


     2.1  System Requirements

     For XTREE to run smoothly, your system should conform to the following
     requirements:

          o  192K or more of Ram Memory

          o  MS-DOS version 2.0 or later

          o  IBM PC compatible, i.e. BIOS and DOS functions that are PC-DOS
             compatible, as defined in the IBM Technical Reference Manual
             and the IBM DOS 2.1 Technical Reference Manual.

          o  No more than 2500 files and 180 directories on a disk


     2.2  Contacting XTree Company

     Should you want to contact XTree Company for technical support, site
     licensing, or sales information, or to share your ideas for other
     software programs, refer to the following information:

     Mailing Address:    4330 Santa Fe Rd.
                         San Luis Obispo, CA  93401

     FAX Number:         (805) 541-8053

     Technical Support:  (805) 541-0604
                         (800) 551-5353 in California
                         (800) 634-5545 outside California

                  Please have you serial number ready when you call for
                  technical support.  Your program's serial number is
                  displayed on its opening screen.  To freeze this screen,




                                       - 4 -


     Starting Up
    _________________________________________________________________________


                  press F1 while XTREE is logging the disk.  Copy the
                  serial number and then type "N" to continue the logging
                  operation.

     Only registered users are eligible for technical support, upgrade
     notification, and other information/services.  Be sure to complete and
     return the enclosed registration card.


     2.3  A Cautionary Note

     XTREE is such a delight and so easy to use, you will want to begin
     working immediately.  But do remember that XTREE is a very powerful
     tool.  You could unintentionally erase an entire group of files with
     just a few keystrokes.  Therefore, you should proceed slowly and be
     attentive at all times.  If you initiate a command that could result
     in a problem, just use the F3 key to cancel that command.







































                                       - 5 -


     The XTree Displays
    _________________________________________________________________________


     3.0  THE XTREE DISPLAYS

     When you first bring up XTREE, you see an initial screen that is
     organized into nine separate sections ([A] - [I]):

     
     [A]  Path: \SPREADS\BUDGET\1988
        +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | \                                          [D] |FILE: *.DAT         |
        | |--ACCTS                                       |--------------------|
        | |--SPREADS                                     |DISK: C: MAIN DRIVE |
        | |  |--BUDGET                               [E] | Available          |
        | |  |  |--1987                                  |   Bytes: 5,498,880 |
        | |  |  `--1988                                  |--------------------|
        | |  `--PROJECT                                  |DISK Statistics     |
        | |     |--1988                                  | Total              |
     [B]| |     `--1989                                  |   Files:     1,298 |
        | |--TOOLS                                       |   Bytes: 4,277,461 |
        | `--WORDPROC                                    | Matching           |
        |    |--CONTRACT                                 |   Files:        48 |
        |    `--LETTER                               [F] |   Bytes:    30,720 |
        |       |--BUSINESS                              | Tagged             |
        |------------------------------------------------|   Files:         3 |
        | APRIL   .DAT     JANUARY .DAT     MAY     .DAT |   Bytes:     1,920 |
     [C]| AUGUST  .DAT     JULY    .DAT     NOVEMBER.DAT | Current Directory  |
        | DECEMBER.DAT     JUNE    .DAT     OCTOBER .DAT |   1988             |
        | FEBRUARY.DAT     MARCH   .DAT     SEPTEMBR.DAT |   Bytes:     7,680 |
        +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
     [G] DIR      Available  Delete  Filespec  Log disk  Makedir  Print  Rename
         COMMANDS ^Showall  ^Tag  ^Untag  Volume  eXecute
     [H] <||> scroll  RETURN file commands   ALT menu    F1 quit F2 help    [I]

                        Figure 1 - XTree's Main Display
     

     The first six display sections present different facets of your disk's
     structure, displaying your directories, subdirectories, files, and
     valuable statistical information.  The final three display sections
     provide indications of the command, control, and function keys
     available for use.

     Let's look at each of these display sections:

          [A]  PATH IDENTIFICATION LINE.  This will identify the precise
             directory path through which you pass on your way to the
             current directory.  If only the "\" symbol is displayed, you
             know that you are in the disk's Root Directory.

          [B]  THE DIRECTORY WINDOW.  This will show the directory
             structure of your current disk, which appears in a graphic
             outline form much like a tree structure.  The ROOT Directory
             (\) is at the top of the disk, and all other directories are




                                       - 6 -


     The XTree Displays
    _________________________________________________________________________


             sorted alphabetically and displayed from the top of the
             Directory Window to the bottom.  Main directories are to the
             left.  Subdirectories are indented.

             Initially, the highlight bar is over the Root Directory.  As
             you scroll through the directory list using the arrow keys,
             the highlight bar will always identify your current directory.

             The size of this window varies, depending upon the number of
             directories and subdirectories on the current disk.  If only a
             few directories exist on the disk, the window will be smaller;
             if more directories exist than can be conveniently shown, you
             can scroll the cursor downward to access them.

          [C]  THE FILE WINDOW.  This window alphabetically lists the files
             found in the current directory.  Only those files whose names
             match the current File Specification are listed.  Pressing the
             ENTER key will move the highlight bar into this window so that
             you can work with your files.  Pressing the ENTER key while
             your highlight bar is in this window will cause it to expand
             and show you more files in a single display.  This is the
             Expanded File Window display.  Pressing ENTER again will
             restore you to the Directory Window.

             In the normal File Window display, from 12 to 36 files may be
             shown on the screen at one time.  In the Expanded File Window
             display, as many as 57 files can be listed.  If you have more,
             you can scroll the highlight bar to the upper left or lower
             right of the screen in order to access them.

             Note also, that sometimes the File Window will display the
             information "No Files!"  In this case, there are no files
             (that match the File Specification) contained in the current
             directory.

          [D]  FILE SPECIFICATION BOX.  This is the key for XTREE file
             operations.  Only those files whose names match the name shown
             here can appear on the screen.  You will normally choose to
             have a wildcard name here as opposed to a single file name.
             When XTREE is first started, the *.* wildcard specification
             will appear, and all files will be available to XTREE.  Files
             that match the File Specification are called matching files

          [E]  DISK SPECIFICATION BOX.  Not only does this box identify the
             disk you are referencing, it also notes the Volume Label for
             that disk, if you have one.  This box also informs you of the
             number of bytes still available on your current disk for file
             and directory storage.  This display is immediately updated
             each time you log onto a new drive or make a change to the
             disk you are referencing.






                                       - 7 -


     The XTree Displays
    _________________________________________________________________________


          [F]  DISK/DIRECTORY STATISTICS BOX.  When the highlight bar is in
             the Directory Window, the statistics which appear reflect the
             data storage for the entire disk.  On the other hand, when the
             highlight bar is in a File Window, only the statistics for the
             current directory are displayed.  This display is immediately
             updated each time you make  an organizational change.

             In this display box, you can check on the number of files
             currently on the disk or directory and how many bytes these
             files use.  You can also see how many files match the current
             file specification and the amount of disk space they utilize.
             Moreover, you can see how many files have been tagged (marked
             with a diamond shape) for later processing and how many bytes
             these tagged files take up.  Finally, the Disk/Directory
             Statistics Box will always identify (in capital letters) the
             current directory or file in which you are working. The number
             bytes in your current directory or in your current file will
             also be displayed.

          [G]  DIRECTORY COMMANDS and FILE COMMANDS MENUS.  Below the
             windows are two lines that identify which XTREE command keys
             you can use at a particular time.  The first letter of the
             command word is bold; this identifies the key you should press
             to invoke the command function.  Some of the command words are
             preceded by a "^".  This indicates that the command has an
             additional form which can be invoked by holding the CTRL key
             when pressing the command letter. The single-key commands
             usually act upon individual directories or files.  The CTRL
             key commands will typically act on tagged or multiple files.

             There are two separate XTREE commands menus.  The DIRECTORY
             COMMANDS affect directories and are visible only when the
             highlight bar is in the Directory Window. The FILE COMMANDS
             affect files and are visible only when the highlight bar is in
             a File Window.

             From each of the two commands menus you can see another set of
             commands by pressing the ALT key.  You can use any of the ALT
             commands by continuing to hold the ALT key and pressing the
             appropriate letter.  These ALT commands are typically seldom
             used commands or commands that are an alternate form of the
             commands shown in the main Directory or File Commands Menus.

          [H]  THE PROMPT LINE.  This helpful guideline is always available
             to you, no matter what window you may be in.  It provides
             directions for moving within the windows or between them, or
             for keying in information XTREE may be waiting for.

          [I]  THE FUNCTION KEY LINE.  This line is your reference for
             XTREE's useful function keys.  A more detailed explanation of
             the Function Keys can be found in a later section.





                                       - 8 -


     The XTree Displays
    _________________________________________________________________________


     3.1  Moving Around the Windows

     In XTREE, you move within and between windows in order to accomplish
     your various organizational tasks.  Whichever window the highlight bar
     appears in is considered to be the active  window.  The active window
     determines which commands are currently available, and whether the
     disk's files or directories will be affected.  There are two types of
     windows available: the Directory Window and the File Window.  The File
     Window takes on the following three formats:

             Normal - Smaller window underneath the Directory Window. File
             commands affect matching files in the current directory.

             Expanded - Large window which replaces the Directory Window
             and the normal File Window.  As above, file commands affect
             only matching files in the current directory.

             Show All - Large window similar to the Expanded File Window.
             However, matching files in all directories on the disk will be
                                        ___                                
             shown and will be affected by the file commands.  A variation
             of the Show All window will initially display only the tagged
             files in all directories.

     
     The ENTER  and F3 (cancel) keys are used to move between windows (and,
     therefore, change  which  commands  can  be  used)  as  shown  in  the
     following diagram:
     

                     ENTER                                 S
              <-----------------< Directory Window >---------------->
              |                     ^    ^      ^                   |
              |  +------------------'    |      `----------------+  |
              |  |                       | ENTER           ENTER |  |
              |  | F3                    |  F3              F3   |  |
              |  ^        ENTER          ^                       ^  |
           Normal File >----------> Expanded File            Show All File
             Window                    Window                   Window

     

     Pressing the cursor (arrow) keys will move you from item to item
     within  a window.  In the Directory Window, the up arrow and down
     arrow allow you to scroll through the directory list in either
     direction.  In the File Windows, the right arrow and left arrow are
     also available to allow you the further option of moving horizontally
     from column to column.

     The Page Up and Page Down keys provide for major movement between the
     first element of a window and the last, and then from one section of a
     list to another.  For example, if the highlight bar were positioned in
     the File Window at the first file name of a directory, you could move




                                       - 9 -


     The XTree Displays
    _________________________________________________________________________


     to the last file in the window by pressing the Page Down key.
     Pressing the Page Down key again would show the next section of the
     file list.  A reverse movement would be accomplished by pressing Page
     Up.

     The Home and End keys allow you to move directly to the first item of
     the entire list (Home) or to the last item (End).

















































                                       - 10 -


     XTree Commands
    _________________________________________________________________________


     4.0  XTREE COMMANDS

     There are two command menus.  The first is the DIRECTORY COMMANDS,
     which may only be executed while you are positioned in the Directory
     Window.  The second is the FILE COMMANDS, which may only be executed
     while you are positioned in any of the File Windows, and which will
     only operate on matching files in the current directory (unless in the
     Show All display).  These are the commands that actually do the
     organizational work on your disk.

     In the commands menus you can see that some of the names are preceded
     by a "^" symbol.  This tells you that there are actually two forms of
     the command that you may use.  The first form is invoked by keying the
     first letter of the command and usually operates on individual
     directories or files.  The second form is invoked by holding the CTRL
     key down as you key the first letter of the command name; these
     commands typically act on tagged or multiple files.

     From each command menu you may invoke an alternate set of commands.
     To view this ALT command menu hold down the ALT key.  To use one of
     the commands, press the first letter of the command while pressing the
     ALT key.

     When you need to input additional data for any command, the Prompt
     Line will request it.  Simply key the text as required.  If you need
     to correct the entry, use the Backspace key to erase the previous
     character and the ESCape key to erase the entire line.

     4.1  Directory Window Commands

     When your highlight bar is located in the Directory Window, the
     directory commands are visible (see Figure 1, reference G).  The
     following is an explanation of their functions:

     Available

             calls for a report of any available, still unused space on any
             disk.  When you invoke this command by  pressing the A key,
             XTREE will ask you to enter the disk specifier, that is the
             letter name of the disk you wish to check.  This disk will
             then be accessed, and the number of bytes available will be
             reported.  The Prompt Line instructs you to press any key to
             continue; once you do so, the commands will reappear.

     Delete

             commands the program to remove the current directory from the
             current disk.  To be deleted, a directory must be empty.  It
             may not have any files or subdirectories within it.
             Furthermore, it may not be the ROOT directory.






                                       - 11 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


             When you press D for Delete, you will be asked to confirm this
             operation.  If you answer Yes by pressing the "Y" key, XTREE
             will delete the directory and update the information in the
             Directory Window.  If you change your mind or decide to keep
             the directory, press "N" for No or F3 to cancel the operation.
             Whether you complete the Delete operation or cancel the
             command, the Prompt Line disappears and the commands will
             appear.

     Filespec

             changes the File Specification, i.e. selects a new group of
             files to be used in XTREE's operations.  When you choose
             Files, you will be asked for a new files specification.  You
             may press ENTER, which enters *.* resulting in the opportunity
             to act on all the files in your operations.  Or, you may enter
             a file name, using * and/or ? characters to specify a
             particular group of files to be used.  Notice that if you
             specify a new group, for example *.EXE, the File Specification
             Box as well as the Matching Files Information in the Disk
             Statistics Box will be updated to reflect your new selection.
             The prompt disappears and the commands will reappear.  The
             files on the screen will match the new specs.

     Log disk

             allows you to change to a new disk for further operations.
             When you select this command, XTREE will prompt you for the
             name of the new disk.  Enter the letter that identifies the
             new disk.  If you try to log on to a disk which is unavailable
             (like a hard disk that may not be turned on), the screen will
             tell you that you've chosen an invalid disk drive.  If your
             choice is appropriate, XTREE will read all the directories on
             the newly logged disk and will then construct a new directory
             tree within your Directory Window display.  The Disk
             Specifications Box and the Disk Statistics Box will both be
             updated as well.

     Makedir

             adds a new directory to the current disk.  This command is
             used to create a subdirectory under the current directory,
             identified as current by the highlight bar.  When you choose
             this command, XTREE will prompt you for the name of this new
             subdirectory.  This name must be a singlename.  It may not
             contain any backslash characters; it must follow the normal
             rules for DOS file names without wild card characters.  After
             XTREE creates the new directory, the Directory Window is
             updated to show this directory or subdirectory in its proper
             place within the tree structure.






                                       - 12 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     Print

             lists directory information on your printer.  When the command
             is invoked, XTREE asks you to select the type of directory
             data to be printed.  The following choices can be selected by
             keying the appropriate letter:

               Catalog of tagged files.  If you select this option, XTREE
                  prints the names and statistics of all files that have
                  been tagged on the disk.  The printout contains a heading
                  for each directory on the disk that has at least one
                  tagged file, followed by the list of files in that
                  directory that are tagged.  The files are listed in the
                  sort order that is currently in effect for the File
                  Window (see ALT/Sort).

               Pathnames.  This option causes XTREE to print a list of all
                  the path names on the disk.  Each path name will be
                  printed on one line, and the names will be printed in the
                  order that you see them in the Directory Window.

               Tree.  Selecting this option gives you a printout of the
                  directory tree structure as you see it in the Directory
                  Window.

             When XTREE performs any of the print functions, it prints a
             heading at the top of each page.  The heading contains the
             name of the disk, time and date of the printout, and the page
             number of the printout.  XTREE assumes that each print page is
             66 lines long which is standard for an 11-inch form.

             Printing can be cancelled at any time by pressing the F3
             (cancel) key.

     Rename

             changes the name of the current directory.  Before you invoke
             this command, you need to locate the highlight bar over the
             directory you wish to rename.  Then you may choose this
             command.  XTREE will prompt you for the new name.  This entry
             must be a single  directory name, without backslash
             characters, which adheres to the normal rules for a DOS file
             name without wild card characters.  XTREE will rename the
             directory and will update the Directory Window to show the new
             name.

     ^Showall

             calls for a shift to the Expanded File Window.  However, this
             Expanded File Window differs from the one that can be called
             up by pressing ENTER from the File Window.  In this Show All
             Files version, XTREE displays ALL the matching files on the




                                       - 13 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


             disk, not just those in the current directory.  All of these
             files are then available for viewing and for XTREE operations.
             Note that as you move through the list of files, the path
             notation at the top of the screen may change.  Also the
             Disk/Directory Statistics Box will display the Disk
             statistics, not the Directory statistics.



             Remember, this display is the only way you have to work with
             files across the entire disk, i.e. without regard to which
             directory they are in.  For example, all *.DOC files in all
             directories on the disk can be deleted, copied, or renamed in
             a single operation from this display.

             The CTRL version of the Showall command initially displays all
             tagged files on the disk that match the File Specification.
             All subsequent operations will work in a manner identical to
             the normal Show All display.

     ^Tag

             tags (marks with a diamond-shape) all the matching files in
             the current directory, allowing them to be affected by XTREE's
             multi-file commands.  After XTREE has tagged all the files
             within the directory, the File Window will be updated to show
             tag markers on all files displayed.  Also the statistics for
             tagged files in the Disk Statistics Box will be updated.  Once
             a file is tagged, it is eligible for XTREE multiple file
             commands such as copying and deleting.

             The CTRL form of the Tag command tags all matching files on
             the entire disk, no matter what directory you may be in.  Tag
             markings appear adjacent to all file names so that they may be
             acted on by other XTREE commands.  If you want to perform a
             command on all the files of a disk (by performing a multiple
             file command from the Show All display), pressing this
             combination will save you considerable time and effort.

     ^Untag

             clears (removes) the tag from all matching files in the
             current directory, protecting them from being affected by
             XTREE's multi-file commands.  Files not matching the current
             File Specification will not be untagged.  Both the File Window
             and the statistics for tagged files in the Disk Statistics Box
             will be updated.  Untag files when you complete an operation
             so that they will not accidentally be acted on at a later


             time.

             The CTRL form of the Untag command clears (removes) the tag
             from all matching files on the entire disk, no matter what
             directory you may be in.  All tag markings adjacent to any
             file names are removed so that they will not be affected by




                                       - 14 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


             any commands you may subsequently issue.  This is a good
             command to use periodically in order to protect your files
             from yourself while using XTREE.

     Volume

             changes the volume label name of the current disk.  When you
             choose this command, you have the opportunity to enter a new
             volume name of up to eleven characters, using standard DOS
             rules for volume labels.  You do NOT need to reformat.  After
             you enter your title, XTREE writes the new volume name to the
             disk.  The prompt then disappears and the commands will
             reappear.  XTREE will report an error if the new volume name
             is the same as the name of a file or directory in the Root
             directory.

     eXecute

             provides a way to run programs and execute MS-DOS commands
             without leaving XTREE.  When executing commands and programs
             in this manner, XTREE remains in memory.  When you select the
             eXecute command, XTREE clears the screen and displays a
             command line prompt.  The prompt reminds you which is the
             current directory for the disk you are logged onto, and asks
             you to enter a command just as you would if MS-DOS were
             prompting you.

             When you wish to return to XTREE, just press the ENTER key on
             an empty line.  XTREE re-logs onto the current disk, and
             places the highlight bar in the directory window.

     ALT/File Display

             changes the format of the display in the File Window.
             Normally, XTREE lists only the name and extension of each file
             in the File Window, and the list of files is shown in three
             columns.  There are  two alternate formats:

               o  1-column display: shows the file name, extension, size,
                  date of creation/last modification, and attributes.

               o  2-column display: shows the file name, extension, size,
                  and attributes.

             If you wish to change the current File Window format, press
             ALT/F until you see the format you want.  All subsequent
             displays in the File Window are seen in the new format, until
             you use the ALT/File Display command again.








                                       - 15 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     ALT/Sort Files

             changes the order in which files are displayed in the File
             Window.  Normally, XTREE displays files in alphabetic order by
             name.  When you select this command, XTREE will ask you to
             select a new sort order which XTREE is to use in all
             subsequent displays in the File Window.  The following choices
             are possible and are selected by keying the appropriate
             letter:

               Name.  This is the normal sort order.  Files are displayed
                  in alphabetic order by their names.

               Extension.  Selecting this sort order will cause XTREE to
                  display the files in alphabetic order by their file name
                  extension.  For example, all the *.DOC files will appear
                  before the *.TXT files.  Files with the same extension
                  will be displayed in alphabetic order by name.

               Date.  Selecting this sort order will cause XTREE to display
                  the files in order of creation/last modification date.
                  The files that were created or modified most recently
                  will be shown first, followed by the oldest files.  Files
                  with the same date and time are ordered by name.

               Size.  Selecting this sort order will cause XTREE to display
                  files ordered by their size.  The largest files will
                  appear first, followed by smaller size files.  Files with
                  the same size will be ordered by name.

     ALT/Tag

             tags all matching files on the disk that have a certain file
             attributes setting.  File attributes are four special switches
             that can be set on or off, causing the status of the file to
             change in certain ways.  These attributes are discussed in
             more detail in the File Window Commands section and in your
             MS-DOS documentation.

             When you select the ALT/Tag command, XTREE prompts you to
             enter a set of attributes.  To enter these attributes, type a
             "+" or a "-" followed by the attribute letter you want.
             Typing a "+" in front of the attribute tells XTREE that the
             file must have the attribute set ON in order for the file to
             be tagged.  Typing a "-" in front of the attribute tells XTREE
             that the file must have the attribute set OFF in order for the
             file to be tagged.

             You may enter from one to four attributes.  XTREE ignores any
             attributes that are not entered when it tests a file to see if
             it should be tagged.  For example, "+A-R" would tell XTREE to
             tag all matching files which have the Archive attribute ON and




                                       - 16 -


     XTree Commands - Directory Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     ALT/Untag

             removes the tag from all the matching files on the disk that
             have a certain attributes setting.  The entry of the desired
             set of file attributes is identical to that discussed in the
             ALT/Tag command.

     ALT/eXecute

             allows you to execute programs and DOS commands from XTREE.
             This command is identical to the eXecute command with the
             following important exceptions:

               o  During execution of the program or command, XTREE
                  occupies over 100K less memory than it does when you use
                  the normal eXecute command.

               o  When you return to XTREE, does not take the time to
                  re-log the current disk.  If you have not added, removed,
                  or changed any files or directories on the logged disk,
                  XTREE will perform normally.  However if any changes were
                  made to the logged disk, XTREE may report errors while
                  performing its operations.

             If you see the following error message during any of XTREE's
             commands:

                    ERROR: Disk has been changed

             XTREE is telling you that information on the disk was changed
             during the ALT/eXecute command, and you should use the Log
             command to re-log the disk.

     4.2  File Window Commands

     When the highlight bar is positioned in the File Window, the FILE
     COMMANDS become available for use.  Remember that file commands work
     only  on matching files in the current directory, unless you are in
     the Show All Files display.  In that case, file commands operate on
     files matching in all directories on the disk.  The normal file
     commands operate on the current file in the directory.

     The CTRL group of file commands operates on several files at once.
     The files that XTREE uses in these commands are those matching files
     in the current directory that are tagged.  These commands can be
     called by holding down the CTRL key and then pressing the key
     corresponding to the first letter of the command.  These multi-file
     commands are shown on the screen preceded by a ^ character.

     When a CTRL type command has finished processing, it redisplays the
     File Window.  If the command had caused any files to be renamed, they
     may disappear during this redisplay.  Don't be alarmed if this




                                       - 17 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     happens.  The files are still on your disk.  XTREE is simply doing
     what it always does: displaying only those files that match the
     current File Specification.

     Attributes

             shows the time, date, and attributes for the current file and
             allows the attributes to be changed.  These attributes are
             four special switches that can be turned on or off, causing
             the status of a file to change in specific ways.  Here are
             definitions of the four attributes:

             a = Archive.  When this attribute is switched on, the file is
             marked as having been modified at some time since its
             creation.  Backup programs can only back up those files that
             have the Archive bit set.  After the files are backed up, the
             Archive bit is deleted.  Entering +A turns this bit on.
             Typing -A will turn it off.  If you type -A, when you back up
             files, this particular one won't be part of your backup
             operation.

             r = Read Only.  When this attribute is switched on, the file
             appears on your directory and can be read.  But it cannot be
             erased or added to.  This protects the file and keeps it
             visible.  This bit is turned on by entering +R.  Typing -R
             turns it off.

             h = Hidden.  When this attribute is switched on, the file is
             still on the directory, but it remains invisible, although
             XTREE can see it.  Hidden files are protected because they
             cannot be erased.  This bit is turned on by entering +H.
             Typing -H turns it off.

             s = System.  When this attribute is switched on, the file is
             classified as a system file.  This is how DOS protects its own
             operating files.  System is reserved for IBMBIO.COM and
             IBMDOS.COM files.  When a disk is formatted with a system on
             it, the system is in a specific place on the disk.  This bit
             is turned on by entering +S.  The file is hidden from the
             directory and protected from erasure, although XTREE can
             always see the file.  Typing -S turns it off and is quite a
             dangerous move.  You wouldn't want a Wildcard Delete to erase
             your whole system.  This -S attribute should be used ONLY if
                                                                  ____   
             the system has already been copied to another disk.

             When you press A, the screen prompts:

               ATTRIBUTES for file: (FILENAME) mm-dd-yy  hh:mm  [attribute]
                                  :
               enter attribute changes (+/- R A S H)






                                       - 18 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


             Displayed for you are the file name, the date and time the
             file was created, and which attributes are already switched
             on.  You may change from one to four of the attributes in a
             single operation.  Suppose you want to alter your file so that
             it is Read Only and Archived.  You would type +R+A and press
             ENTER.  Once you have set the attributes, they are written to
             the disk directory.  If you want to view the attributes
             without changing them, simply press ENTER (or F3).  The prompt
             disappears and the commands will reappear.

     ^Attributes

             allows you to set or clear the attributes on the tagged this
             command draws a prompt for the attribute settings you want
             installed.  After you type in your choices, press ENTER.  The
             cursor moves across the tagged files as each is changed.  The
             prompt disappears and the File Commands menu will reappear.

             Giving your files a Read-Only status can be a fine safety
             precaution.  Thereafter you must deliberately remove a file's
             protection in order to erase it.

     Copy

             permits you to copy the current file to another disk and/or
             directory.  When you press C, the screen will prompt you first
             to enter the name of the new file.  Normally, you will wish to
             retain the same name and you can press ENTER to do so.  If you
             wish to copy the file using a new name, simply enter the
             desired file name and ENTER.

             XTREE then prompts you for the destination of the new file.
             Type in the drive and path destination for the file, then
             press ENTER.  If a drive is not entered, XTREE assumes the
             current drive is the destination.  If a drive is entered and
             path is not, XTREE assumes the Root directory.  When the
             destination has been entered, the copy operation will start.
             When the copy is complete, the File Commands menu will
             reappear.

     ^Copy

             copies the tagged files to another disk and/or directory.
             XTREE duplicates these files in any directory on any drive.
             As in the single file Copy command, you can rename the files
             (as in the ^Rename command) as they are copied.

             In addition to the prompts issued by the Copy command, you are
             asked whether to automatically replace existing files or not.
             Choose "Y" to automatically overwrite files of the same name.
             If you respond with "N", XTREE will ask for your confirmation
             each time a file is about to be copied over a file with the




                                       - 19 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


             same name.  XTREE will move the highlight bar over each tagged
             file as it is being copied.  When all copying is completed,
             the prompt disappears, and the file commands will reappear.

             If you are doing a copy of tagged files to a disk that becomes
             full, XTREE will alert you with the message:

                    Error: Disk Full, press ANY KEY to continue

             At this point you can replace the filled disk with another
             that has more  available space and then press any key.  After
             specifying the drive and path again, copying will continue.
             In this way, large groups of files can be copied in one
             operation without regards to whether or not they will fit on
             one destination disk.

     Delete

             removes the current file from the disk.  When you press D, the
             screen prompts you to choose whether or not you wish to
             complete this command.  After choosing either "Y" or "N", the
             prompt disappears, and the commands will reappear.

     ^Delete

             removes the tagged files from the disk.  This command offers
             you the option of double-checking each deletion before you
             allow it to happen by typing "Y" in answer to the question:

                    confirm delete for each file?

             The screen will prompt you for each file's deletion, and you
             may choose "Y" to delete a particular file or "N" to not
             delete.  In this way, XTREE protects you from an accidental
             erasure you might regret.  When deleting is completed, the
             prompt disappears and the file commands will reappear.

     Filespec

             changes the File Specification, i.e. selects a new group of
             files to be used in XTREE's operations.  This command is the
             same as the Filespec command in the Directory Commands menu.

     Log Disk

             selects a new disk for your XTREE operations.  This command is
             the same as the Log Disk command in the Directory Commands
             menu.








                                       - 20 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     Move

             moves the current file to another directory.  This operation
             is similar to a copy followed by a delete of the original
             file, except that it executes much faster.

             When you have selected the Move command, XTREE prompts you for
             a new name to give to the file.  If you wish to keep the same
             name, press ENTER.  XTREE then asks you which directory is to
             receive the file.  You may enter any directory on the logged
             disk, but you may not enter a disk specifier.  XTREE only
             moves files to the currently logged disk.

     ^Move

             moves the tagged files to another directory.  This operation
             is similar to a ^Copy command followed by a ^Delete command
             except that it is much faster.  The prompts for this command
             are the same as those for the ^Copy command.

             Remember, when this command has completed, the moved files
             will no longer reside in the current directory.

     Print

             lists the contents of the current file on your printer.  If
             the file you wish to print does not contain text information,
             you may see random and/or nonsense characters appearing on the
             printout.

             When you select this command, XTREE will prompt you to ready
             your printer.  Make sure the printer is turned on and that the
             paper is aligned the way you want it.  During the printing of
             the file, you may cancel the operation by pressing F3.  After
             the printing has completed, XTREE will issue a top-of-form
             command to the printer.

     ^Print

             lists the contents of the tagged files on your printer.  The
             command operates just like the single file Print command,
             except that all the matching tagged files are printed, one
             after another.  Since XTREE sends a top-of-form command after
             printing each file, every file will start at the top of a new
             page.

     Rename

             changes the name of the current file.  Use up to eight
             characters plus a three-character extension, and then press
             ENTER.  XTREE writes the new name to your disk and updates the
             list in the File Window.




                                       - 21 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     ^Rename

             changes the names of the tagged files.  This command applies
             the same set of characters to every tagged file.  If their
             names are different you can give them identical extensions.
             If their extensions are different, you can give them identical
             names.  You use wildcards (* and ?) to make substitutions to
             parts of file names.  For example, to change a group of files
             from .DOC extensions to .SAV extensions, type *.SAV.  The
             cursor moves across the files as the names are changed.  When
             the rename process is completed, the prompt disappears and the
             file commands will reappear.

     Tag

             places a tag or marker on the current file, allowing you to
             affect it by using other XTREE multi-file commands such as ^C
             (copy) or ^D (delete).

     ^Tag

             places tags on all the matching files in the directory.  This
             is a real time saver when you want to initiate a multi-file
             command such as ^C (copy) or ^D (delete).

     Untag

             removes the tag from the current file, protecting it from
             being affected by other XTREE multi-file commands such as ^C
             (copy) or ^D (delete).

     ^Untag

             removes tags from all the matching files in the directory.
             This protects these files from being acted on by other XTREE
             multi-file commands such as ^C (copy) or ^D (delete).

     View

             displays the contents of the current file on the screen.  When
             you press V, the screen displays the first page of the file.
             The cursor keys, Page Up/Down keys, and Home/End keys can all
             be used to move around the file.  Normally XTREE displays the
             file contents as text.  You may view a file in Hex mode (i.e.
             you may see the binary value of every byte in the file) by
             pressing the H key.  Pressing the H key again will cause the
             file to be redisplayed in text mode.

             Here are some of the other keys that you can use when Viewing
             a file:

               S - Sets one of 10 markers in the current place in the file.




                                       - 22 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


               G - Goes to one of the 10 markers, i.e. you can instantly
                  move to a section of the file that you had previously
                  marked with the S command.

               Shift Up/Down Arrows - These keys cause the file being
                  viewed to scroll continuously without holding down the
                  arrow keys.  Pressing keys 0-9 causes the scrolling speed
                  to change, with 0 being the fastest speed.  Just hit any
                  key when the file has been scrolled to a point where you
                  wish to stop.

             When you have finished viewing the file and wish to return to
             the File Window, press ENTER.

     ALT/Copy

             copies the tagged files to another disk, each file going to a
             directory of the same name as the directory in which it
             originated.  The purpose of this command is to preserve the
             directory structure of the source files.  It is extremely
             useful for performing backup operations.  It is similar to the
             ^Copy command with the following exceptions:

               o  When you enter the destination for the copy, you enter
                  only a disk drive letter.  The disk must be different
                  from the currently logged disk.

               o  When XTREE copies a file, it checks to see if the
                  directory that currently contains the file exists on the
                  destination disk.  If it doesn't exist, XTREE creates the
                  path.

               o  XTREE copies each tagged file to the destination disk
                  using the source path name as the destination path name.

             When using ALT/Copy from the Show All display, XTREE
             temporarily sorts the files by directory and copies them in
             that order.  This means that when copying files to several
             diskettes, files within one subdirectory are likely to be on
             the same diskette.

     ALT/File Display

             changes the format of the display in the File Window.  This
             command is identical to the ALT/F command in the Directory
             Commands menu.

     ALT/Sort Files

             changes the order in which files are displayed in the File
             Window.  This command is identical to the ALT/S command in the
             Directory Commands menu.




                                       - 23 -


     XTree Commands - File Window
    _________________________________________________________________________


     ALT/Tag

             tags all matching files that have a certain file attributes
             setting.  This command is identical to the ALT/T command in
             the Directory Commands menu, except that only files in the
             current directory are scanned for matching attributes.

     ALT/Untag

             removes the tag from the matching files that have a certain
             attributes setting.  This command is identical to the ALT/U
             command in the Directory Commands menu, except that only files
             in the current directory are scanned for matching attributes.

     4.3  Function Keys

     XTREE recognizes several function keys which you can use to control
     some of its operations.  The F1, F2, and F3 labels are displayed in
     the lower right hand corner of the screen (see Figure 1, reference I)
     during those times that the corresponding keys can be used.

     F1 Quit

             Press F1 to exit from XTREE whenever you wish and return to
             the MS/DOS command prompt.  When you press F1, XTREE double-
             checks this action by asking whether or not you really wish to
             leave XTREE.  Enter "Y" if so, or "N" to return to the XTREE
             menu.

             You can also press ALT/F1 to exit XTREE.  This form of the F1
             key will return you to the DOS prompt, but the "current
             directory" used by DOS will be the same as the current
             directory you had last selected while in XTREE.

     F2 Help

             Press F2 to begin a display of helpful information screens.
             These screens are quick-reference explanations of the windows,
             boxes, and commands of XTREE.  You can use the arrow and Page
             keys to read through the material.  Just press ENTER to
             restore the screen.

     F3 Cancel

             Press F3 to cancel any command in progress.  Your command menu
             will be restored.  This function key is extremely useful
             because with a utility as speedy and powerful as XTREE, the
             danger of accidentally erasing valuable files is a very real
             one.  Sometimes there is a delay before cancellation, such as
             during a file copy command.  In multiple file operations, the
             command will not cancel until it finishes with the file it is
             currently working with.




                                       - 24 -


     Techniques
    _________________________________________________________________________


     5.0  TECHNIQUES

     This section offers you a few ideas and suggestions on how to make
     good use of some of XTREE's commands and features.


     5.1  Backing Up

     Backing up your files on a regular basis is that ounce of prevention
     that may save you hours or days of recreating lost data should you
     develop disk hardware problems.  XTREE provides you with simple but
     effective methods for archiving files.  Here are some suggestions:

          1. Backing up the entire disk with XTREE is easy.  From the
             Directory Window press S to obtain the Show All display.
             Next, use CTRL/T to tag all the files.  Finally, use ALT/Copy
             (in order to preserve the directory structure) to copy all the
             files to a diskette.  If the diskette becomes full, XTREE
             prompts you to change disks and resumes the copy using the new
             diskette.

             When the ALT/Copy is complete, it's a good idea to remove the
             Archive attribute from all the files you have copied.  Then in
             the future, you will be able to see which files have been
             modified or created by observing the Archive attribute.

             To remove the Archive attribute from the files you just
             copied, use CTRL/A (since the files are still tagged) and
             enter -A for the attribute setting.

          2. To back up only those files that have been modified or newly
             created, use the Show All command to obtain the Show All
             display.  Next, use the ALT/T command and enter +A to tag all
             files that have the Archive attribute set.  Now you can use
             the ALT/Copy command as described above to save these files.
             When the ALT/Copy command is complete, remember to remove the
             Archive attribute from the files that were copied.

     As you can see, ALT/Copy is very useful for creating backup diskettes.
     By keeping files in the same subdirectories, entire directories or
     disks may be easily restored to their original configurations.


     5.2  Statistics

     XTREE is very useful for determining information regarding disk space
     utilization.  Remember the following points:

          o  When in the Directory Window or Show All display, statistics
             are for the entire disk.






                                       - 25 -


     Techniques
    _________________________________________________________________________


          o  When in the File Window, statistics are only for the current
             directory.

          o  Matching  files statistics represent those files that match
             the File Specification in the upper right box.

          o  Tagged file statistics represent those files that are tagged,
             even those not matching the current File Specification.  To
             determine the size of an entire branch of your directory
             structure, simply use the Tag command from the Directory
             Window to tag those directories.  The Tagged files statistics
             represent all the directories you tagged.


     5.3  Helpful Hints

     Here are a few pointers to make your work with XTREE easier:

          o  Directory commands are only available from the Directory
             Window, and file commands are only available from one of the
             following File Windows:

               o  Normal File Window - commands affect matching files in
                  the current directory.

               o  Expanded File Window - commands affect matching files in
                  the current directory.

               o  Show All Files Window - commands affect matching files in
                  ALL directories.

          o  Always make sure you are logged into the correct drive before
             you begin your organizational operations.  Check the Disk
             Specifications Box to see the drive letter and Volume Label
             displayed.  XTREE will only use directories and files on the
             currently logged disk.

          o  Always check your File Specifications Box before you begin any
             operations.  Remember that your File Specification determines
             which files will be shown on the screen and will be eligible
             for XTREE functions.  They are the ONLY files that you may
             access at any given time.

          o  XTREE protects against input errors as much as possible.  Keys
             which would be inappropriate for a particular command are
             locked out of the keyboard automatically.  For example, if you
             try to enter a "/" in a file name or too many characters in
             the name, XTREE will not echo what you key.  If you see XTREE
             rejecting the characters you type, check back to verify that
             you are inputting correctly.






                                       - 26 -


     Error Messages
    _________________________________________________________________________


     6.0  ERROR MESSAGES

     A number of error messages could appear while you are using XTREE.  If
     you see any one of these, please refer to this list for an explanation
     and a suggestion on how to recover from your difficulty.  These error
     messages are listed alphabetically for your convenience:

     ALT Copy MUST be to Another Disk

             When entering a destination for the ALT Copy command, you must
             specify a disk other than the currently logged disk.  If you
             wish to copy files to the same disk, use the CTRL Copy
             command.

     Can't Delete Root Directory

             The Root Directory is a permanent part of every MS/DOS disk,
             and cannot be removed.

     Can't Rename Root Directory

             The Root directory is permanently designated by a slashmark
             (\) in MS/DOS, so you may not rename it.  Should you try, this
             error message will appear.

     Directory Full

             The directory in which you are currently working has reached
             its maximum capacity of files.  Before you can add more, you
             will have to delete some.

     Directory Not Empty

             A directory cannot be deleted if it contains files or
             subdirectories.  Delete its files and subdirectories first,
             and then you will be able to delete the directory.

     Disk Drive Error. Abort, Retry?

             There could be a number of reasons why this message might
             appear.  Your diskette may not be in the drive, or it may be
             incorrectly inserted.  A disk may also become physically
             damaged.  Check your disk and drive, then retry by pressing R.
             If you are still unsuccessful, press A to abort the program.
             Restart XTREE and attempt your operation again.  If you
             continue to have a problem, your disk is probably defective.

     Disk Full

             The disk cannot hold any more files.  Direct the files to
             another disk.





                                       - 27 -


     Error Messages
    _________________________________________________________________________


     Disk Has Been Changed

             XTREE keeps a record of your disk's file structure in its
             memory.  XTREE reads this structure from your disk when you
             log on.  Should you change a diskette without logging on and
             try to initiate an operation on that diskette, XTREE will
             point out that there is a difference between the record in
             memory and the actual structure on the diskette.  Log on to
             the diskette again to read the correct file structure.  Then
             try your operation once more.

             This message may also appear when you attempt to execute
             certain XTREE commands after you have returned from
             ALT/eXecute.  XTREE may have problems if, during the
             ALT/eXecute, you added, removed, or changed any files or
             directories on the logged disk.  Simply re-log the disk to
             avoid further warnings.

     File Can't Be Copied Into Itself

             You just can't copy a file to itself; you must copy it to a
             different directory, or into the same directory using a
             different file name.

     File Is Read Only

             When files have their R/O attribute set ON, they can neither
             be erased nor written over.  Use the -R attribute option to
             change the file's status.

     Invalid Disk Drive

             The drive you have specified doesn't exist or isn't available.
             Specify an appropriate drive letter.

     Invalid Entry

             The prompt cannot accept the letters you've typed in.  Check
             your entry carefully, then retry the operation.

     MOVE file MUST be to the Same Disk

             When entering the destination path for a Move operation, you
             should not specify a disk.  XTREE moves files to a directory
             which is on the same disk as the original directory.  If you
             wish to move files to another disk: tag the files to be moved,
             use the CTRL Copy command to create copies on the destination
             disk, and then use the CTRL Delete command to remove the 
             original files.







                                       - 28 -


     Error Messages
    _________________________________________________________________________


     Name Exists

             MS/DOS prevents confusion in its system by restricting the use
             of identical names for files, directories, and volume labels.
             Files in separate directories may have identical names, but
             any duplication of names such as directory-file, directory-
             volume label, or file-volume label is prohibited.  You will
             get this error message if you attempt such a duplication.
             Choose a different name and try the operation once again.

     Out of Memory

             During a copy operation or a Make Directory operation you are
             attempting to create more files or directories than XTREE can
             process.  You should make space on the disk by removing any
             unwanted files and/or directories.

     Path Not Found

             XTREE cannot find the path you've specified.  Check to see if
             your entry is correct and that you are logged on to the disk
             you want.

     Print Error.  Abort, Retry ?

             There could be a number of reasons why this message might
             appear.  Your printer may be turned off or it may not be
             selected.   You may be out of paper.  Check your printer and
             the paper, and retry by pressing R.  If you are still
             unsuccessful, your printer may not be working.  Press A to
             abort the print command.

     Too Many Directories - Extra Ignored

             During a log disk operation, XTREE has reached its directory
             limit (approximately 180).  The program will not log in any
             more directories.

     Too Many Files - Extra Ignored

             During a log disk operation XTREE has reached its file limit
             (approximately 2500).  The program will not log in any more
             files.

     Unable to Make Directory

             Perhaps there is already a file of the same name or a
             directory of the same name, or perhaps the disk or directory
             have reached maximum capacity.  If you have a problem with
             similar names, simply choose an alternate one.  If your disk
             is full, delete some files first, and then create a new





                                       - 29 -


     Error Messages
    _________________________________________________________________________




             directory.  If your directory is full, delete some files or
             create your new directory from a different parent directory.























































                                       - 30 -


     Appendix
    _________________________________________________________________________


     A.0  APPENDIX


     A.1  Mini Glossary

     File = An organization of data on a disk.  Each file has its own name,
        which is from 1-8 characters long.  A space character may NOT be
        part of a filename.  Whether you specify upper or lower case
        characters, DOS treats them as upper case.

        The file may also have an extension to its name. This appendage is
        separated from the file name by a period.  It is optional, and has
        no more than three characters.  The purpose of an extension is to
        indicate a general category for the filename.  It is an informal
        indication of the type of file you are creating or dealing with.

     Directory = An index for files and/or other directories.  This is a
        useful organizational structure for accessing computer data.  All
        of the names in one directory, whether they are file names or
        subdirectory names, must be unique within that directory, but the
        same names may be used in other directories.

     Path = How we find our way to a particular directory or subdirectory
        on a disk.  The path is the route we follow to trace our way from a
        disk's Root directory to some point in its branching directory
        tree.  It begins with a slash (\) which designates the ROOT.
        Directories through which we move are separated by further \ marks.

     Current Disk = The disk XTREE is currently operating on. Only those
        directories and files on the current disk are shown.  The current
        disk identifier is displayed in the Disk Specification Box.

     Current Directory = The directory whose name is covered by the
        highlight bar while in the Directory Window, or whose name is
        marked by the left-arrow indicator when the highlight bar is in the
        File Window.  Only the files in the current directory are show in
        the File Window.

     Current File = The file whose name is covered by the highlight bar
        while in a File Window.

     Matching Files = Those files whose names match the current File
        Specification.  Only matching files are shown to the user, and are
        eligible for XTREE operations.

     Tagged Files = Those files which have been marked by a Tag command.
        Tagged files have a diamond shaped marker to the right of their
        names.  A file will stay tagged even after the File Specification
        has been changed.  Tagged and Matching files are eligible for XTREE
        multiple file functions.






                                       - 31 -


     Appendix
    _________________________________________________________________________


     A.2  Common Filename Extensions

                    ASM  assembly source
                    BAK  text file backup copy
                    BAS  BASIC source code
                    BAT  batch processing files
                    BLD  BLOAD format for BASIC
                      C    C source file
                    CAL  Spread sheet calculation file
                    COB  COBOL source code
                    COD  object code listing, from compilers
                    COM  executable programs, in memory-image format
                    DAT  data files, in general
                    DBF  data base files
                    DIF  data interchange files, as from VisiCalc
                    DOC  document files, for word processors
                    EXE  executable programs, in relocation format
                    FMT  word processor format specifications
                    FOR  FORTRAN source code
                      H    Include file for some programming languages
                    LIB  library routines, for compilers
                    LST  printable listing files, in general
                    MAP  program maps, from a program linker
                    OBJ  program object code, from compilers
                    PAS  PASCAL source file
                    TMP  temporary work file
                    TXT  text files, for word processors
                    VC   spreadsheet data, from VisiCalc
                    WKS  spreadsheet data, from Lotus 1-2-3
                    $$$  temporary work file
                    
     Using these  extension names  will help  you organize  your files in a
     consistent manner.























                                       - 32 -
